Method for producing ultrafine-grained materials using repetitive corrugation and straightening

ABSTRACT

A method of refining the grain structure and improving the hardness and strength properties of a metal or metal alloy workpiece is disclosed. The workpiece is subjected to forces that corrugate and then straighten the workpiece. These steps are repeated until an ultrafine-grained product having improved hardness and strength is produced.

[0001] This invention was made with government support under ContractNo. W-7405-ENG-36 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy to TheRegents to the University of California. The U.S. Government has certainrights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates generally to ultrafine-grainedmaterials and more particularly, to a method of refining the grain sizeof a metal or alloy workpiece to an ultra-fine grain size byrepetitively corrugating and then straightening the workpiece.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The development of materials that are sufficiently strong andlarge enough for structural applications is an important and challengingproblem. Traditionally, metals are preferred for these applicationsbecause of their combined strength and ductility. Metals can be madestronger using various methods that refine the grain size of thematerial from a coarse grain size to an ultrafine grain (UFG) size of afew microns or less.

[0004] Although most high-strain deformation processing techniques, suchas extrusion, rolling, and drawing, provide materials with refined grainsizes and improved strength, they do not preserve the dimensions of theoriginal workpiece. One or more dimensions of the workpiece arecontinuously reduced, which not only limits the obtainable strain, butalso eventually transforms the workpiece to a product having a finalgeometry of a plate, foil, or wire, which limits its structuralapplications.

[0005] A recently developed technique known as Equal Channel AngularExtrusion (ECAE) has been used to provide an ultrafine-grained metal,alloy, plastic, or ceramic product from a coarser grained workpiecewithout significantly changing the dimensions of the workpiece. Briefly,the ECAE method involves pressing a metal workpiece through a die havingtwo channels that are equal in cross-section and that intersect at anangle Φ. During the pressing, the workpiece undergoes severe sheardeformation that refines the grain size and improves strength. Thus, theadvantage of the ECAE method is the combination of improving thestrength of a workpiece by grain refinement while maintaining itsdimensions. The ECAE method may also be combined with cold workingprocedures such as cold rolling to produce refined, elongated grains.

[0006] Current limitations of ECAE hinder its cost-effectiveimplementation for high volume production of metal products.Importantly, the length of a workpiece for processing by ECAE is limitedby the stroke distance of the ECAE die press used for processing, andthe length/diameter ratio is limited because a large length/diameterratio makes the extrusion unstable. Furthermore, the ECAE method iscurrently a discontinuous, slow, and labor intensive, which makes theresulting UFG products expensive.

[0007] Clearly, a method for refining the grain size of a workpiecewithout significantly changing its dimensions is highly desirable.Therefore, an object of the present invention is a method for refiningthe grain size of a workpiece without significantly changing itsdimensions.

[0008] Another object of the present invention is a method of improvingthe hardness and strength properties of a workpiece withoutsignificantly changing its dimensions.

[0009] Additional objects, advantages and novel features of theinvention will be set forth in part in the description which follows,and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art uponexamination of the following or may be learned by practice of theinvention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realizedand attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinationsparticularly pointed out in the appended claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] To achieve the foregoing and other objects, and in accordancewith the purposes of the present invention as embodied and broadlydescribed herein, the present invention includes a method for producingan ultrafine-grained product from a coarser-grained workpiece. Aworkpiece having opposing, substantially flat surfaces is bent toproduce a corrugated workpiece. The corrugated workpiece is thensubjected to forces that substantially restore the original shape of theworkpiece but refine the grain size. The corrugation and subsequentstraightening steps are repeated until the workpiece is transformed intoan ultrafine-grained product having an ultrafine-grain size and improvedhardness and strength.

[0011] The invention also includes an apparatus that refines the grainstructure of a workpiece by first corrugating it and then straighteningit. The apparatus may include dies or rollers configured first tocorrugate and then to straighten a workpiece.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form apart of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the presentinvention and, together with the description, serve to explain theprinciples of the invention.

[0013] In the Figures:

[0014]FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a die and press used forrepetitively corrugating and then straightening a workpiece;

[0015]FIG. 2 is an optical micrograph of copper metal annealed at 900°C. for one hour;

[0016]FIG. 3a is a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph ofthe copper of FIG. 2 after processing according to the method of thepresent invention;

[0017]FIG. 3b is a selected area diffraction pattern obtained for thecopper of FIG. 3a; and

[0018]FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 show cross-sectional views of schematicrepresentations of a workpiece undergoing corrugating and straighteningaccording to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] Briefly, the present invention includes a method of “repetitivecorrugation and straightening” (RCS) to produce ultrafine-grained (UFG)materials. Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferredembodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. Similar or identical structure is identifiedusing identical callouts.

[0020]FIG. 1 shows an apparatus 10 used to produce an UFG product from aworkpiece 12. Apparatus includes a base 14, corrugating die 16 restingupon base 14, and vertical supports 18 that support press 20. Anothercorrugating die 16 is attached to press 20. After placing workpiece 12between corrugating dies 16, press 20 applies force to workpiece 12 andto bend it to produce a corrugated workpiece. Corrugating dies 16 arethen removed and replaced with flat surfaced dies. The corrugatedworkpiece is replaced between the flat surfaced dies and press 20applies force on the corrugated workpiece and straightens it. Thesesteps of sequential corrugation and straightening can be repeated toproduce an ultrafine-grained product having improved hardness andstrength.

[0021] The following example illustrates the application of the methodof the present invention using the apparatus of FIG. 1 to refine thegrain size of a copper workpiece. A high purity (99.99%) copper barhaving dimensions of about ¼″×¼″×2″ was annealed at 900° C. for onehour. FIG. 2 shows an optical micrograph of the copper after annealing.The average grain size of the copper is about 765 microns (μm), with thelargest grain being about 1500 μm. The annealed bar was lubricated andthen deformed by placing the bar lengthwise between corrugated dies andapplying a uniform load of about 3 tons for about 10 seconds across thelength of the bar. The resulting corrugated bar was placed between flatplates and straightened by applying a similar load. Thiscorrugating-straightening process was repeated ten times. A transmissionelectron microscopy (TEM) micrograph of the product is shown in FIG. 3a.A comparison of FIG. 2 with FIG. 3a shows that application of the methodof the present invention has reduced the grain size of the bar to anultrafine-grain size. The average grain size has been refined from 765μm to about 480 nanometers (nm). FIG. 3b shows the selected areaelectron diffraction pattern, which confirms the formation ofnanocrystalline structures with large grain boundaries.

[0022] The microhardness of the ultrafine-grained copper product shownin FIG. 3a was measured using a micro-indentor. A load of 300 g wasapplied to the product and held for 15 seconds. The microhardness of thestarting as-annealed copper of FIG. 2 was 678±8 MPa, while themicrohardness of the product was 1359±9 MPa, an increase of about 100%.Since the yield strength of metals is usually about one-third of themicrohardness, we estimate a yield strength increase also of about 100%.

[0023] The method of the present invention can be applied to a workpieceusing a rolling mill apparatus. Rolling mills are well known in the art(for example, see “Forge Equipment Rolling Mills and Accessories” by A.Geleji, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 1967, chapter 6, p. 352-359, which isincorporated by reference herein). FIG. 4 include side views of aschematic representation of rolls of a rolling mill that are configuredto corrugate and then straighten a workpiece as they rotate in the samedirection. A metal or alloy workpiece 24 passes between directingrollers 26 that direct the workpiece to corrugating rollers 28, whichproduce a corrugated section 30 as the workpiece passes between them.The corrugation process bends the workpiece with only a slight reductionin the cross-sectional area. The corrugated workpiece continues movingand passes between straightening rollers 32 that straighten it. Thestraightened workpiece can be repeatedly corrugated and straightened byadditional passes through the rollers until an ultrafine-grained producthaving improved strength, hardness, etc. is obtained. The method of thepresent invention can be made more continuous by combining additionalrollers in sequence as shown in FIG. 5. Obviously, additional rollersthat sequentially corrugate and straighten the workpiece can be added toprovide an even more continuous process with fewer interruptionsinvolving workpiece removal and reintroduction for further grainrefinement and strengthening.

[0024] The method of the invention may include rotating the workpiecebetween subsequent corrugation/straightening passes. For example, abar-shaped workpiece having a longitudinal axis can first be subjectedto a corrugation and straightening pass, then rotated 90 degreesclockwise about its longitudinal axis, then subjected to anothercorrugating and straightening pass, then rotated 90 clockwise again,then subjected to another pass, etc. A sheet-shaped workpiece can besubjected to a corrugation/straightening pass, then rotated by 90degrees around the normal sheet direction, then subjected to anotherpass, then rotated by 90 degrees again, etc.

[0025] To make processing easier, lubricants may be applied to theworkpiece. In addition, the workpiece may be heated above, or cooledbelow, ambient temperature prior to, during, or after any corrugation orstraightening step.

[0026] The embodiments were chosen and described in order to bestexplain the principles of the invention and its practical application tothereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the inventionin various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited tothe particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of theinvention be defined by the claims appended hereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for producing an ultrafine-grainedproduct, comprising the steps of: (a) bending a metal or alloy workpiecehaving opposing, substantially flat surfaces into a corrugated shape;(b) applying forces to the corrugated workpiece sufficient tosubstantially restore the flat surfaces and produce a finer-grainedworkpiece; and (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) until the workpiece istransformed into an ultrafine-grained product having a refined grainsize and improved strength.
 2. The method of claim 1, the processfurther comprising the step of annealing the workpiece after step (a).3. The method of claim 1, the process further comprising the step ofannealing the workpiece after step (b).
 4. The method of claim 1,further comprising the step of lubricating the workpiece.
 5. The methodof claim 1, further comprising the step of rotating the workpiece afterperforming step (a) and step (b) but before performing step (a) again.6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of warming theworkpiece before performing step (a).
 7. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising the step of warming the workpiece before performing step (b).8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of cooling theworkpiece before step (a).
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprisingthe step of cooling the workpiece during step (a).
 10. the method ofclaim 1, further comprising the step of cooling the workpiece prior tostep (b).
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step ofcooling the workpiece during step (b).
 12. An ultrafine-grained metal oralloy product made by the process of: (a) bending a metal or alloyworkpiece having opposing, substantially flat surfaces into a corrugatedshape; (b) applying forces to the corrugated workpiece sufficient tosubstantially restore the flat surfaces and produce a finer-grainedworkpiece; and (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) until the workpiece istransformed into an ultrafine-grained product having a desired strength.13. The product of claim 12, the process further comprising the step ofannealing the corrugated workpiece of step (a).
 14. The product of claim12, the process further comprising the step of annealing thestraightened workpiece of step. (b).
 15. The product of claim 12, theprocess further comprising the step of lubricating the workpiece. 16.The product of claim 12, the process further comprising the step ofrotating the workpiece after performing step (a) and step (b) but beforeperforming step (a) again.
 17. The product of claim 12, the processfurther comprising the step of warming the workpiece before and/orduring step (a).
 18. The product of claim 12, the process furthercomprising the step of warming the workpiece before and/or during step(b).
 19. The product of claim 12, the process further comprising thestep of cooling the workpiece before and/or during step (a).
 20. Theproduct of claim 12, the process further comprising the step of coolingthe workpiece prior to and/or during step (b).
 21. An apparatus forrefining the grain size of a metal or alloy workpiece, comprising; (a)means for corrugating the workpiece; (b) means for straightening thecorrugated workpiece; and (c) means for delivering the workpiece fromsaid corrugating means to said straightening means.
 22. The apparatus ofclaim 21, further including means for delivering the straightenedworkpiece to said corrugating means.
 23. The apparatus of claim 21,wherein said corrugating means comprises two rollers positioned suchthat a straight workpiece can enter between them, said rollersconfigured to impart deforming forces on the workpiece that result incorrugation of at least a section of the workpiece.
 24. The apparatus ofclaim 21, wherein said straightening means comprises two rollerspositioned such that a corrugated workpiece can enter between them, saidrollers configured to impart forces that straighten the corrugatedsection of the workpiece.
 25. The apparatus of claim 21, furtherincluding means for rotating the workpiece after it has beenstraightened by said straightening means and before it is corrugatedagain by said corrugating means.